Objective-
This work is intended to those who are kindly in belief on Bengalis to be an
ethnic minority living in long historical background in Myanamar to in short
investigate whether or not Bengalis are the Rohingyas living in Myanmar many
thousand years ago and they are temporal immigrants from Chittagong.
Abstract
In blind, some of powerful countries and
United Nations try to force the Myanmar government to grant the Bangalis as the
Rohingya ethnic group in Myanmar, taking a look at the terrible population of
Bangalis in Rakhine State. It is a baseless effort and likely a threat to the
powerless and such an approach to issue of Bengalis in Myanmar by the UN also
is unfair. It is undeniable that as a piece of social context, every society
dealing with distinct people with multi-culture from different countries is an
impact of globalization not rejected.
It is also acceptable that the Bengalis
originally deriving from the neighboring country can live the life of
citizenship in any of rich and poor countries but it is hard to approve that the immigrants due to
the increased population should be granted as the ethnic group living together
long time on ward from the initiative of the country. The UN regarded as the
judge of Human right and Peace is in need to review the background of Bengalis
in historical way. In the fact that the History of Bengali immigrants is taken
account, it is not proper to neglect the long history of Native people. That is
why, important to settle down the case of Bengalis in Rahine Stake, hosting in
the world, the judge needs to know how the Bengalis arrived to Rakhine State,
what are their native land as original and who the original natives have existed
in ancient time. To be able to perceive the right approaches to issue of
Bengalis in Mynamar and that of wrong, I will take out a small piece of
historical evidence about Bengali immigrants and Rakhine natives. There are
varieties of scholar researches on Bengalis case in Rakhine. The scholars’
researches done are very broad and it is unable to go through within a few
minute. This work is by purpose focused on everyone to understand the brief history
of Bengalis and root cause of recent violence occurring in Rakhine State and
this work will introduce to the readers the main idea to consider of whether or
not Bengalis so called by entire Myanmar people should be proved of Rohingya
ethnics in Rakhine State in Myanmar.
Introduction
According to historical
background of Bengalis and the Native Rakhine, it is seen that as the name so
called Rohingyas is not an original name of Bengalis so are they not included
in ethnic minority groups having already been in Mynamar since many years ago
as estimated by the Bengali educators. Bengalis are illegal immigrants mostly
from Chittagong District of Bangladesh and Rohingya was merely a name created
by a small group of Bengali educators who too moved from Chittagong to Rakhine
State round about 1949s ( pp-49). Mr.R.B Smart( 1917, pp-80-101) did even not use the name, Rhingya in his
book, “Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Volume A” published in 1917 but he
presents the Bengalis by name of Mahomendans, not Rohingya. He recorded “Mahomedans,
who in 1872 numbered 58255, had by the year 1911 risen to 178647. Many are men
who came down for the working reason only from Chittagong and included in
census returns but are not properly speaking, the inhabitant of country”.
In reign of King Min Khamunm, Son of King Min Rajagri,(1612-22 AD), the traders
from Iraq and Bangladesh had came and had trading in Rakhine kingdom ( pp-199).
In the beginning years 0f 1826 of the British colonial domains to Rakhine State,
the British government took the Bengalis from Chittagong for working in firming
in Rakhine State and they mostly lived in Mayu region. However, they also did
not receive the name of Rohingya but Bengalians and they also preferred the
name of Chittagonians (pp-45-46). In 1978, while checking in those with no
citizen card by way of the Nagar Min military operation, many of Bengalis ran
into the Bengladesh. Among the returners to Bangladesh, about 18000 Bengalis
were accepted by the Myanmar government and settled in Muangdaw and Bhuthidaung
Township of Rakhine State. For that project, the Government spent the estimate
amount of 1513890 Kyats. This evidence illustrated that there has been no
Rohingya ethnic living for many thousand years in Rakhine State but it is
possible to be acceptable that Bengalis’ population arises year by year more
and more. When the Bengalis population explores a big amount of numbers, they
must need the extensive land for them so they planned since many couple of
years to insist on the Government to grant first them as Rohingyas ethnic group
. Such my thinking is proved by the terrorism of Bengalis terrorists in 8th
Jine, 2012 in Maungdaw and Bhithidaung Township. It scattered to other
township. The Bengalis terrorists clashed initially the houses of the natives,
killed the natives and took properties of them. Anyhow, the name of Rohingya
has never there been in the list of ethnic groups of Myanmar according to
historical landscape. Some scholars may argue that it is impossible to avoid
the Bengalis history they have, written by the Bengali scholars; it is yes but
their history is a new product of deceitful document created after 1948s. The
spoke-man of Myanmar government also officially argued in his press conference
that there is not Rohingya ethnic in Myanmar and they could not be approval of.
How
it be the Rohingyas
The news of sectarian violence
in western Burma, Rakhine State hosts all over the world and is interested.
There was a big contrast about the right press of events in Rakhine between the
local media and foreign media. The Bengalis first burnt the house to house of and
village to village of Buddhists in Maungdaw township but the local news agency
had the late news of real events broadcasted but to let the world know the fact
of news was depended on sole one news agency, “Eleven Media Group” while the
Bengalis broadcasting the world that they were beaten by the Myanmar government
and Rakhine Buddhists with reason why they are distinct religionists and
Rohingyas. Therefore, the world convinced the first news initially clouded in
the internet, which was that the Rohingyas are killed by the Buddhists in
Rakhine State. During the violence time, while the Buddhists are collecting the
right news on riot in Rakhine to urge the wrong news transmitted by the
Bengalis, the Bengalis have already submitted the fabricant report to the UN,
cheating to the world that they are killed and their houses are burnt down by
the Myanmar Government and Buddhists; they are being persecuted for many years.
However, it is known that according to 7
Day News reporter, there are still lose of about five hundred people of the Buddhist
locals in terrorism in Maungdaw township; it is proved by the report of 32 people of Buddhists
killed by Bengalis and 411 people of Buddhists dead in burning houses. (http://www.facebook.com/mg.cekka). However, the real news were dissolved
under the deceitful news of Bengalis and some of foreign news agencies and a
biased person such as – Benedict Roger attempts to forbid the fact about
Bengalis Rakhine riot. Benedict Roger’s writing is seen in favor of Bengalis by
his article “A Friend’ appeal to Burma”. He makes the readers deluded,
starting his article with opening speech “Some people may call me biased,
and to that charge I plead guilty. But I am biased not in favour of one
community over another, in favour of one race or religion over another, in
favour of one particular political party over another. Instead, I am biased in
favour of the universal values of human rights, including religious freedom”.
He speaks a lot as to how the human right is for every community or society sort,
how the Bengalis so called Rohingyas are persecuted by the Maynmar Government
for many years and why the Myanmar Government in conclusion of his article
should grant the Bengalis as the ethnic minority of Myanmar with so many
comments (http: //www.mizzima.com /edop/comm.entary /7349-a-friends-appeal-to-burma
.ht ml). He
neglects the more important point that how the Bengalis first attacked the
natives, how their activities threaten the family and personal security, how
intolerant to them as for Government as well as the locals and how crucial they
are to the locals. He writes his article in hear-saying, not in documentary.
Finally, it is seen in his article that he reaches his conclusion that the
Bengalis are upright and innocent persons persecuted by the locals and the
government but he did not think the point that only Bengalis are not the Human
but also the Rakhine People. As a result of his conclusion, it is impossible to
say that he is not a biased person to Bengalis so called Rohingya because he
never contains any of real fact on Rakhine natives who were in reality being
killed by the Bengali Terrorists. However, due to spreading the cheating news
on the riot in Rakhine State of Burme to the world by the components of Bengali
terrorists, the world also with no special quire of the real events, proved
their betraying news which mostly demonstrates the Bengalis so called Rohingyas
were made genocide by the Rakhine Buddhists and the Myanmar army. In reality,
the brutal murders creating genocides to the entire of Rakhine People were only
the Bengali immigrant terrorists. That fact is clear if we read regular
information pressed in the local news and international news last updated.
Whatever we say, it is sense of our soul that if any kind of violence occurs,
the massive amount of mastery such as- lose of lives, shelters, wealth of
innocents as well as loses of the budgets of government, is possessed by the
citizens. It should be looked for the better way to lead to the peace in any of
socialization in the global if we want to live the rest of our lives in the
harmony world.
The Situation of Violent areas in
Rakhine State
If we think the root
causes of why the huge terrorism of terrorists came out in Rakhine, there are,
we see, two kinds of bases- 1) the aggressive and incautious attacks of Bengalis
in Maungdaw and the Rakhine avengers in Taunggoke, and 2) the negligence of
Thein Sein government because if the authority sent the security force in time
to the places where the consequence violence might result- especially in the
places where there is a bigger amount of Bengalis then Buddhists immediately
after the violence had occurred in Taunggoke in 3rd of July, 2012. Typically,
because of the poor preparation for protection to the local Rakhine people less
population in Maungdaw in Rakhine State and because of being lack of effective
and constructive detains of government, the terrorism became bigger and
scattered to other towns – Sittwe, Yathedaung and any other cities. According
to report, the school aged Buddhist girl, Ma Thidar Htway, was raped and killed
cutting her head by the three Bengali young men and they took the jewels
ornamented in her in May 29th, 2012. As soon as the case happened,
the local authority could not promise the local Buddhist people to sentence the
murders. Therefore, the Buddhists got anger to the Muslim because they think the
local authority took bribe from murders and neglected the case. It usually
happens that the authority neglects the same case, taking bribe from defense
people. The local Buddhist people demonstrated in front of the police station
to give them the murders but the local authority said “ anything eases and
appeal to them without much intention”. In as a result July 2nd, the
people received the secret message from the Buddhist people in Thandway town
that the eight of Muslim leaders will go to Yangon from Thandway for bribing to
the central court in July 3rd so they in July 3rd, 2012,
stop the public bus, Romathissa, driven from Thandway but the driver did not
stop. Then, the Buddhists more suspected of that there must be the Bengalis so
they passed the bus by motorcycle and blocked the road and checked the bus.
They saw the eight of Muslim as informed to them before. The Buddhists people
insisted the eight of Muslim not to go to Yangon but they replied to them, “They
can overcome everything if they have money”. Such a kind of speech felt the
Buddhists so angry. Therefore, the mobs of Buddhists killed not only eight Muslims
but also two of a car owner and a driver. However, there identified in the some
presses only eight Muslims were killed by Buddhists in Taunggoke but they
omitted the news of two Buddhist killed as well. The government did not think
there could be an ancident violence in Maungdaw but some of Rahine Buddhists in
social wed site such as –www.thearakanesemeetingpoint.com predicted there will
be the huge riot between Rahine and Muslim in Rakhine just as in 2001. As they
predicted, the Bengalis so called Rohingya began to attack to the innocent
Rahine Buddhist people in June 8th, 2012. At same day night, the
government announced that the condition in Maungdaw, the west of Rakhine State,
already became stable and the government planned to control the region for
peace but till the same night, the Bengalis so called Rohingya continued to
burn the villages of Buddhists, kill the innocent Buddhist people and steal the
properties from the empty house due to the running away of the Buddhist people
to avoid being killed by the Bengalis. After the condition was the worse, the
government imposed the martial law in Maungdaw and sent to the security force
to there, not enough to the whole township. The security force was but standing
looking at the terrorists and did not arrest immediately the crimes. Therefore,
the Bengalis understood the security force did not dare to shoot or arrest to
them so they broadened their terrorism activities to the villages and continued
to the violence to the Sittwe in June 10th, 2012. As we saw the
activities of security force and government soldiers, they did not try to cease
the riot but stood looking at the violence instead of arresting by law the
crimes. Their activities seemed purposely creating themselves the violence.
However, the Bengali leaders did not think the point of whether the Myanmar
government made the Rakhine Buddhists and Bengalis quarrel each other. In 2001,
the Bengalis and Rakhine living in Sittwe fought to each other but the arm
force did not solve the problem. They set the fighters free about one and half
day. After the loss of lives of
Bengalis and Rakhne, the next day the government imposed the martial law and
arrested the innocents who walked to job and market. It is the procedure of
government frequently used to break the unity of Bengalis and Rakhine.
However, the riot between
Rakhine and Bengalis starting in June 8th,2012 led to huge
terrorism. The brutal attack of Bengalis to innocent Buddhist people was so
ugly in sight of not only the Rakhine Buddhists but also the entire people of
Myanamr except Bengalis. Their attack strategy was so crucial. A witness who
kept away from violence said on phone in June 19th, 2012 that in some
villages from Maungdaw township, the old people and children who cannot run
away were burnt and dead; some of old Buddhist people and children were sized
and thrown into the fire set on by the Bengalis. According to interview with a
little girl named Lae Lae Than” from a village of Maungdaw township, she said, “her
father was killed by the Bengalis and mother was seriously wounded to be taken
to a hospital of Yangon” and another lay teacher said in interview said that
the Bengalis came and surrounded her village, burnt and killed so she with some
of her friends ran away and hided in mountain but she saw the whole village
fired”. Therefore, the reporter of Eleven Media Group confirmed that there were
about 500 Buddhist people in Maungdaw and its township lost in violence but the
government officially announced that there are 78 people only dead and 2
security police and 3158 homes were totally destroyed in Rakhine Violence
(http://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/rakhine-riot-myanmar-us-06262012183154.html).
It could be approved because several villages were set fire on and 10 Buddhist
people in Kudaung village and 5 Byinephyu village were killed. The government
did not collect the family catalogue that was dead in Maungdaw immediately and
Sittwe but less counted. Why? Some said the government did not enlarge the
violence; if so, they in time need to control the crimes by being arrested. Why
did not do it?
By a mere look
at the increased population, it is not a fair proof to conclude that the
Bengalis so called Rohingyas are a single group evolving in Myanmar nationality
group who had already been with original
people since many years ago. For Buddhists, it is a custom to build their
family status in monogamy way but opposed to them, the Muslim religionists
practice the polygamy way in their family style. The polygamy social system is
the way to explore the big amounts of population within a few decades. For
example, Bangladesh population rate is 75 millions in its independent year-
1971 but in 2009 the Bangladesh population rate increased 150 million, more
than doubled. This evidence identifies that the Muslim religionists’ population
can quickly upraises within a few decade. They explores the population in
polygamy way. Their population rate in Rakhine terribly became high within a
few decades after the British left from Myanmar.
A
look at the generation of Bengalis in Rakhine
As mentioned in introduction, in
the time of Men Rajagri in 1612-22 AD, the Bengali traders had visited to
Rakhine for their business but there was no any proof to proclaim that they
even lived their whole lives in Rahine and according to Rakhine Historical
record, the King Men Sawmon had also allowed the Bengalis to live in the
outside area of Mrauk U. In 1660s, Mongolian arrowed armed force had lived in
region of Rambray. It may be said that it is the first entering of Bengalis to
Rakhine State. The Maung Thein recorded in his book “ Indo Burma Conflict” that
British occupied the Burma with help of Ka La soldiers and they let the India readers
and Bengalis traders to invest and live in Burma. In 1830s, the British entered
the India traders from Madrid to Burma to render the work of firming because
English had no enough funds for haring the Myanmar worker. The same thing was
seen in Historical record of Rakhine. It proved the British must bring the
Bengalis to work for land in Rakhine. The Historian “ Charney” recorded, “ Mostly
from 1879 onwards, the Bengalis’ entering into Rakhne was increased and the
Bengalis, the descendents from claves families, resided in Kyauktaw and Mrauk U Township; the road was crowded
with newcomer benglais and they were seen in many of places”(10). The
British brought the Bengali workers from Bangladesh for sloughing. According to
making list of family units by the government, in 1871, there is about 58255
bengalis population, in 1901 there about 178647 increased but they were ranked
as the Indian descendents by authority in 1921.
In 1942, the British made
a group of Benglalis in Maungdaw township as a volunteer corps to fight back
the Japanese army. However in reality the Bengali volunteer corps about 17000
with arms led by Mohamak, an educator from Chittagong, instead of fighting the
Japanese, killed the Rakhine People and destroyed the Rakhine people’s
villages. The Akyabs commissioner, Smart, reported to the concerns that the
Bengalis’ activities embarrassed the force and they killed many of Rakhine
local peoples (according to record, there were over 200 village totally
vanished)-(11). When the British planned to give the independence to the Burma,
the Bengalis attempted to join with the Pakistan. They in 1946 sent the
representatives of Islam organization “Jami-atul Ulema-e Islam” to Krachi and discussed
with the leaders of British to join the Bhuthidawng and Maungdaw with Pakistan
to make a self-control(12). However, the government rejected the proposal.
Although there were about over 200 Rakhine villages in Maungdaw, after the World
War II, there were only six village left, destroyed by Benglis force. 1946, the
Islam Liberation Organization was founded by a Bengali named Zaffer Kawal who came from Chittagong
and in 1948 it was changed to a party of “ Mujahid”. Since 2 years advance, the
Mujahid rebelled and in June 9th,1948, the “Mujahid Organization”
proposing the following report, insisted the Administrator of Maungdaw
township.
1. The
west area of Naff River and east part of it must be demarcated as the land of
Muslim.
2. The
Muslim in Myanmar must be ranked as the Myanmar ethic group.
3. The
Party of Mujahid must be recognized as a official political party.
4. The
Auradu landuage must be specified as the official language of Muslim in Rakhine
and in the schools, it is used as a medium language.
5. The
victims in Kyauktaw and Mrauk U must be placed in their original land by the
government.
6. The
Muslim detainees must be all released.
7. The
members of Mujahid must be given the general amnesty (13).
Here an important weak point of Bengalis I
would like to point out is that till 1947, there was nobody of Bengalis used
the name of Rohingyas referring to them but Chittagonians, the immigrants form
Chiitagong(San Tha Aung, pp-8, 62/3/4). In the village of Alaythankyaw,
celebrating the Arakan Muslim Conferrence, they asserted the Government to
constitute the north of Rakhine as a the separate free land of Muslim but there
was also no Name of Rohingya they used- 25; why appear now? The representative, Mr. Abdul Gaffar,
of Bhuthidaung first used the name of Rohingya in his article “ the student
muslims” in the Gadian Press in Newdehli. And the Bengalis representatives from
Bhuthidaung and Maungdaw proposed in assemble to give the land of Rohngyas (14).
According to Act of Citizenship in 1984, the Muslims who entered into Myanmar
before 1824 were specified as Citizens but ranted as Bengalis, not Rohingyas (15).
From the time onward when Thailand Government arrested the boat with Bengalis
illegally entering into the Thai territory in 2009, the name of Rohingya was
more focused by the world- especially by the UN. They, then, falsely confessed
the Thai authority that they are Rohingya coming from Myanmar. In fact, they at
that time were coming from Bangladesh to Thailand ( March 5,2009).
Some of powerful countries
including UN, want the Myanmar to grant the Rohingya as an ethnic group of
Myanmar. However, the name of Rohingya that had never used referring to one of
Myanmar native nationality group and that had not registered to Myanmar
government before is far to be a legal name but a fraudulent name only. That is why, Dr. Aye Kyaw (July 17th,
2007) described in his report “ Rohingya and Rakhaing” thus “ later
1824, Indian, Bengalis, Chinese and Jews
entered into Myanmar for trading but they are not natives and original ethnic
people. Rohingya is a name that appeared
in 1948 later after independence of Burma from British and a new created name”. Michael W Charney also said that the
merchants from Calcutta, Duches and Europeans entered into Arakan and traded for
exchange of gold and the things made of gold in early 17 century and Bengalis
were sold by Duches to Arakan as slves for working in field. It is said in
Burma Gazetteer that in reign of Arakan kings, after conquest to Bangladesh,
the Bengalis were brought to Arakan as slaves. It is possible that there was a
world culture that a country conquers to another country, they used to take the
citizens of another country for slaves. However, the locals called the Bengalis
as Chittagonians, not Rohingya. And according to Rakhine History, it is said
after conquest to Rakhine kingdom with the aid of Sultan, the king Min Saw Mon
allowed the Muslims to live in the areas outside the Mrauk U. In 1941, the
authority collected the family units which were used to be made list every ten
years. The authority yet marked the name of Bengalis as Chittagonians in blank
of nationality, not Rohingya and any other referred name to them. That means
there was no name of Rohingyas in Rakhine State up to 1941 and nobody used it
in office and society. At that time, there were 90000 populations of Bengalis
in of Bhuthidaung but it was estimated
that it may be more than that in Maungdaw regoin. Actually, it is said that a
Bengali man named Abukhite said to U San Tha Aung that the name of Rohingya
started to use when the British asked the Mujahid and his people with full arms
for the help. The name of Rohingya was a new name given by the British
Government, not original if so. Dr. Aye Chan described in his paper “ who are Rohingya?”
that the name of Rohingya is a new name
which appeared in 1950 in province of
Maungdaw township regarding to the struggle of Bengali educators descendent
from Chittagong, not historical evidence for name of Rohingya. Most of Bengalis
are illegal immigrants who were allowed by the British to enter into Rahine for
work when in reign of British. Their speaking language is also same with
Bengali language which is spoken by the Chittagonians who live therein. Till
that time, there had not been a name of Rohingya used by anyone but Bengalis.
In Myanmar, there are eight ethnic minority groups according to native land-
Kaya, Kayin, Kakhin, Chin, Mon, Rakhine, Barma and Shan, not any other majority
ethnic group registered in Government.
Dr. Aye Chan identifies the
classification of Bengalis so called Rohingya living in Rakhine State into four
kinds – 1) Chittagonians living in province of Mayu, 2) the offsprings of
Bengalis born from the Muslim slave family round about 17 century and 3) Kaman
Muslim born from the professionals of soldiers and 4) the Muslim coming with
the Myanmar soldiers in 1784 in which the Burmese conquered the Arakan Kingdom
( Dr.Aye Chan- pp-1). Therefore, the majority of Myanmar approves that there is
not any ethnic so called Rohingya in Myanmar not only at present but also
before time. However, because of that fabrication of some news agencies based
in foreign countries to become the name of Rohingya more popular mist powerful
countries and of the confirmation of UN to be a Rohingya ethnic without any of
investigation in favor to Bengalis as well as the world of Iraq, the issue of
Bengalis so called Rohingya is an important portion to be taken account rather
than that of democracy and it becomes a highline. The Bengalis are not
satisfied with that they can live in Myanmar as a citizen so they tried to
occupy the Myanmar.
Conclusion
With above small historical
evidence, it is clear that the name of Rohingya is not an original name of
Bengalis and so are not natives to be granted as one of ethnic group. However,
we could not understand the Bengalis that they themselves target only at the
Rakhine, not other country to gain the own land. They should understand that
they can live as a citizen of Myanmar in Rakhine State as allowed by Government
as before. The Bengalis after named
Rohingya are paying intention to fight to the world, not only Rakhine of
Myanmar but also any other country such
as USA. It is because they are opponent religionists to the Islamists.
At present time, the
Rohingyas are creating the sectarian violence in Rahine State. Firstly they
attacked the native people, killed them, burn the Rakhine Villages and take the
property of Rahine People. And, they put on the cloud that they are seemed to
be attacked by the Rakhine People together with government soldiers but no news
agency could rewrite the right news on scattering the wrong news. It was
because some of Burmese politicians such as Min Ko Nine and Mya Aye including Aung
Sun Su Kyi first gave the speech to the public appealing to the Bengalis as to
fact that some Rakhine mobs killed the 8 Bengalis seemed misunderstanding to
the world. First in 29th May,
2012, however it is resultant even of Ma Thi Dar Htway killed by Bengalis’
rebels. The great riots began with Bengalis sectarian violence. Under their
fighting, the innocence people were death in number of 443 who are all Arakanese
but they government did not officially announce it because they are concerned
about more exploration of riot. As to that matter, the 88 generation students’
leader (KO Ko Gyi), the president of national assembly (Dr. Aye Maung) and the
Chief of Myanmar Police (U Khin Yee), NLD Party, Daw Aung San Su Kyi (http:// burmese. dvb.no/ arch ives/27036) and any of
other private association as well as majority of Myanmar officially denied that
the Bengalis are not Myanmar ethnic nationality living for long time in Myanmar
but immigrants from Bangladesh.
However, whether or not the action
of Bengalis is fair and so is that of UN who along the violence speaks standing
by the Bengali: it is no complete trace so it is still needed to search more. Therefore,
this work encourages the readers to study further evidence of whether or not
the Myanmar government should grant the Bengalis as the ethnic minority of
Myanmar.
U Panyacekka
Bangkok
29,
6, 2012.
Further
reading
English
Version
1.
Aye Chan- the Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan ( Rahine) State of Burma, SOAS
Bulletin of Burma Research, International Studies, Kanda University, Japan,
Vol-3, No 2, 2005.
2.
the British Burma Gezeteer- Vol- 2, Compiled by the authority-
3.
Khinmg Saw -Islamization of Burma Through Chittagonians Bengalis as Rohingya
Refugees, September-2011.
4.
Michael W Charney – Crisis and Reformation in a Maritime Kingdom of South East
Kingdom- Force of Instability and Political Disintegration in Western Burma(
Rakan)- 1603- 1701, University of Michigan.
5.
Smart, Mr. R.B ( April 21, 1971) Burma
Gazetteer, Akyab District Volume 1-pp-80- 101.
6.
Shwe Zan, U and Dr. Aye Chan- Influx Virus the Illegal Muslim in Arakan, August
2005, published by Arakanese in Japan.
7.
Tha Hla, Maung “ Rohingya Hoax” published by Buddhist Rakhine Cultural
Association, New York, 2009.
8.
Victor B Lieberman- Ethnic Politics Eighteenth Century Burma, Modern Asian
Studies, March 12nd, 1978, pp-455-482, printed in British.
9.
Zon Pann
Pwint-Colonia Gezeteer help unearth Myanmar’s past, Myanmar Times News, Vol-31,
No-605, December 12-18, 2011
10.
“Account of Arakan”. Arthur Phayre, Journal of Asiatic Society, 10:
629-721.
11. Report on the Settlement Operations in Akyab
District 1887-88. Government of British Burma, Rangoon, Government Press
12. British Library, London India Office records
R/8/993. 4243.
13. Pyinay-Phyitisn-thamaing
(Chronological Record of Arakan State). Rakhine State People’s Council, A
tyoe-written Manuscript of circulation.
14. Myanmar politics (1958-62), Kyaw Win, Thein
Hlaing and Mya Han, Rangoon, University Press, 1991.
Myanmar
Version
15. San Tha Aung “ The Personal experience- May Yu Mray”
1969, Buthidaung.
16. Mra Wa- “ the analysis of Rohingya cheating
History” June 1st, 2001.
17. the People Council of Rakhine State “ the Hinthar Project Report ( Secret),
July 20th, 1987.
18. Hlamyi Kha Myine ( Major), No 92 Land Force,” the entry of Foreigners and
Report of some real events in Rakhine”, November 1st, 1983.
19. Tun Mra U,U “ the Report on the protection from the
danger of influence of illegal comers, Foreigner Bengalis” August 15, 1084.
.
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